Clinical sciences · Heart failureQuestion SPLE-10182
A heart failure (HFrEF) patient is already taking lisinopril, carvedilol and spironolactone. Adding which medication provides additional mortality benefit?
- Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor)
- Digoxin (cardiac glycoside)
- Amlodipine (calcium channel blocker)
- Furosemide (loop diuretic)
Show the answer and explanation
Answer: A. Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor)
GDMT for HFrEF has four pillars: an ARNI (or ACE inhibitor/ARB), an evidence-based beta-blocker, an MRA and an SGLT2 inhibitor. A patient already on the first three should add an SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin or empagliflozin), which reduces cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization. Hydralazine plus isosorbide dinitrate is reserved for self-identified Black patients with NYHA III–IV symptoms on full GDMT, or for patients who cannot take an ARNI, ACE inhibitor or ARB. Digoxin and furosemide relieve symptoms without lowering mortality, and amlodipine is neutral.
Reference: DiPiro's Pharmacotherapy 13th ed., ch. 39 (Chronic Heart Failure): four GDMT classes and SGLT2 inhibitors p1176; hydralazine–isosorbide dinitrate in self-identified African American patients on GDMT p1177, p1214.